Showing results by author "Roshdy Ebrahim" in All Categories

Oil and gas resources have provided much of the world’s energy in the twentieth century and are expected to be an important part of the energy mix well into the twenty-first century. Currently, oil and gas provide approximately 63 % of primary energy consumption in Europe. However, energy security in the region remains a concern. In the mid-nineteenth century, mineral oil entered the market as an energy source. Refined oil in the form of petroleum and kerosene, for instance, rapidly gained a foothold in the lighting industry. At the time, oil deposits were much fewer in number than coal ...

petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the sub sequent treating of these fraction s to yield market able products. In fact, a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants which vary in number with the variety of products produced. Refinery process es must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation in which petroleum is converted into a variety of products in amounts that are in accord with the demand for each. For example, the manufacture of products from the lower-boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain ...

The most important gaseous fuel used in the first century of industrial development was town gas. This was produced by two processes: pyrolysis, in which discontinuously operating ovens produce coke and a gas with a relatively high heating value (20,000–23,000 kJ/m3), and the water gas process, in which coke is converted into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide by another discontinuous method (approx. 12,000 kJ/m3 or medium Btu gas). Until the end of the 1920s the only gases that could be produced in a continuous process were blast furnace gas and producer gas. Producer gas was ...

Natural gas is currently the number three fossil fuel in terms of share of the global primary energy mix and for years the world has debated the potential for natural gas to play a critical part in building a more resilient and sustainable energy future. While the demand outlook is currently uncertain, advances in supply side technologies for unconventional resource development, led by advances in US shale gas operations, have changed the supply landscape and created new prospects for affordable and secure supplies of natural gas. Continued demand for oil- and gas-based energy services ...

The concern is reinforced due to Europe’s dependence on oil and gas from other regions. In addition, many commentators fear domestic oil and gas resource depletion will produce significant supply scarcities in the short term, i.e., well before 2020. Thus, the purpose of this analysis is to address the subject by estimating conventional and unconventional oil and gas supply cost curves for the region. Recent years have seen increasing attention being paid to the broad issues of energy security and climate change, which are of the utmost importance for the European Union and its member ...

As the power source of social developments, energy is of decisive importance to a country’s economic performance, competition ability and overall national strength. Among all kinds of energy, petroleum and natural gas, functioning as the key resources, high-quality chemical raw materials and indispensable war materials, are capturing more and more attention nowadays by counties all around the world, that is why they are also called the black gold. Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) provide about 87 % of the energy utilized by humanity, and modern societies are completely dependent ...

articles of some entrepreneurs clarify the quest of companies nowadays

This book explains the human behavior through a certain situations and it figures out social treatments to use in our community

This book explains the issues that facing the global economy by clarifying how we could predict the financial crisis, what is the new thoughts of capital to deal with the problems, what is look like the healthy economy, and of course we will mention the bitcoin and its influence in the future… I hope this book could answer some difficult question.

This book explains how to build an excellent personality through a certain situations like, How to win an argument, how To overcome challenges and Stop being a bystander in our own life

Ideal thoughts to make urban societies that we could live

Many developed countries have to deal with low female labor market participation. Within (OECD) countries, only 61 % of women of working age actively participated in the labor market in 2008, whereas the ratio is 80%for men. This gap is particularly alarming as women recently tend to be higher educated on average, with better school degrees and higher shares of university graduates. Hence, activating this untapped skilled labor resource is a key issue in the current policy debate. Supporting self-employment among unemployed women might be more promising in this regard, given that women ...

explore the Chinese economy by entrepreneurs and economists

This book explains the personal financial problems, through some stories from economists and entrepreneurs, this book handles the financial issues from other perspective like, honesty with the financial crisis, saving for tomorrow, and of course how could you be able to reduce your bill, and so on. I hope it would be good for you

explore the economy of Africa through articles and opinions of journalists, entrepreneurs and scientists. have a good journey

Debates on energy policy, environmental regulation, and global warming start with the largely unquestioned assumption that the present heat and power system is economically optimal. It then follows that any actions to change the energy system to achieve other goals, such as lowering pollution, will raise the cost of energy services and damage the economy. It then further follows that the only way to have affordable, clean energy is to invent and develop new technology. This view is widespread. President George W. Bush, in a major speech on climate change said, “Technology is the ticket”...

A revolutionary invention in 1909 greatly increased the depth of wells that could be drilled. The original drilling technology, adapted from water well drilling, was to drop a heavy “bit” onto the rock. The rock would shatter and be periodically removed by a scoop. This method is slow, inefficient and not feasible below a thousand meters or so. The far more efficient continuous hydraulic rotary drilling system used today was invented by Hughes Tool Co. c. 1900. It consisted of a rotary cutting tool at the bottom end of a pipe, which was rotated as a whole by an engine at the top. A ...

fighting poverty must be a global issue, so here are some articles from many economists and experts that introduce some solutions to this crisis

The geologic structure in which petroleum has been trapped and has accu-mulated, whether it was the source rock or the rock to which petroleum has migrated, is called the petroleum reservoir. Predictions of future shortages of oil began shortly after commercial production started in the late nineteenth century. In the first half of the twentieth century, there was national concern about imminent and irreversible shortages of oil on at least six occasions. In the 1950s M. King Hubbert, a geophysicist at Shell Development Company in Houston, developed a model of a cycle of production of ...

I want you to reimagine how life is organized on earth. Think of the planet like a human body that we inhabit. The skeleton is the transportation system of roads and railways, bridges and tunnels, air and seaports that enable our mobility across the continents. The vascular system that powers the body are the oil and gas pipelines and electricity grids. that distribute energy. And the nervous system of communications is the Internet cables, satellites, cellular networks and data centers that allow us to share information. Half the planet’s population lives in cities. They are the ...