
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Reineke Fuchs
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Narrated by:
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Peter Fricke
About this listen
Der Stoff des Goetheschen Versepos kommt von weit her, ob man nun Jacob Grimms Annahme eines allen Tiergeschichten und -fabeln zugrundeliegenden großen indo-europäischen Tierepos teilt oder nicht: schon im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert entstehen lateinisch-sprachige Bearbeitungen von hohem Niveau (Echasis Captivi und Ysengrimms) im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert begegnen mittelhochdeutsche und mittelniederländische Ausformungen, ehe 1498 in Lübeck die berühmte Version in niederdeutscher Sprache erscheint, die der große Sprach- und Literaturtheoretiker Professor Gottsched – der Student Goethe hörte ihn noch in Leipzig persönlich – 1752 teilweise neu ediert und gänzlich in einer hochdeutschen Prosaübersetzung vorlegt. Diese kannte und liebte Goethe nachweislich schon als Sechzehnjähriger. 1793 formte sie der vierundvierzig-jährige Dichter in sein Hexameter-Epos um, dessen versrhythmische Kunst und dessen sprachmächtige Gestalt man immer bewundert und genossen hat. Nicht zu Unrecht bezeichnet die Germanistik die Reineke-Hexameter als die besten, die Goethe je verfasst hat.
Die sprachliche und metrische Gestaltung gewinnt ihren Reiz natürlich auch stark aus dem der ehrwürdigen Homerischen Form eigentlich kontrastierenden Inhalt. Denn der Ton in dem sonst Götter, Helden und deren (angebliche Helden-) Taten besungen werden, ist hier humorvoll auf das ebenso burleske wie beängstigende Treiben der Tierwelt bezogen. In der Wahl solch spezifischer künstlerischer Form, gewinnt Goethe gegenüber der im Grunde bis zur Verzweiflung bedrückenden Beschreibung des Zustandes dieser Welt, eine nicht nur ironische, sondern sogar eine humorvolle Position. Mit dieser nach den schlimmen Erfahrungen des Feldzugs gegen die französischen Revolutionstruppen nur mühsam wieder gewonnenen Haltung schuf er Distanz zu seiner damals besonders pessimistischen Einschätzung der Weltlage: Deren humorvoll-ironische Auffassung war für ihn eine Art Befreiung. Goethe hatte schon immer ein Faible und ein Sensorium für die kräftigen Reize der derben Sprache der Lutherzeit. Diese und der unverstellte (gesellschafts-)politische Realismus seiner Quelle ließen ihn an dem alten Stoff solchen Gefallen finden, dass er sich fast jeder inhaltlichen Erweiterung oder Veränderung enthielt: lediglich ganze sechzehn Verse hat er in zwei Passagen des VIII. Gesangs eingefügt, in denen er zum einen in heftigen Worten den Dünkel und den irrigen Wahn der Menschen, die sich dem Taumel der Revolution hingeben, als das Schlimmste brandmarkt: "Aber wie sollte die Welt sich verbessern? Es lässt sich ein jeder / Alles zu und will mit Gewalt die andern bezwingen. / Und so sinken wir tiefer und immer tiefer ins Arge." Zum andern rügt er die scheinheilige Geistlichkeit: Freilich sollten die geistlichen Herren sich besser betragen!
Historisch ist das in seiner allegorischen Lehrhaftigkeit überzeitliche Geschehen des Reineke Fuchs im Spätmittelalter angesiedelt: Staatsverfassung, Rechtsbräuche spiegeln diese Zeit, in der die bisherige Herrschaft des Faustrechts zusehends der Diplomatie das Feld räumen muß: der grobschlächtige, starke Wolf wird durch den schwächeren, aber klügeren Fuchs glorreich besiegt. Das geschieht nicht ohne ein gerüttelt Maß an schlimmen und schlimmsten Schandtaten – dennoch vermag man dem so unglaublich listigen Reineke eine gewisse Sympathie nicht zu versagen. Wenn er auch zahllose andere Tiere betrügt, schädigt, verletzt und zu Tode bringt, so ist doch allzu offensichtlich, dass diese in erster Linie Opfer ihrer eigenen Begehrlichkeiten, Triebverfallenheit und vor allem ihrer Selbstüberschätzung sowie ihrer damit korrespondierenden – zuweilen wirksam grenzenlosen – Dummheit werden.
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