OTD:

In 31 BCE, Octavian's forces defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium, leading to Octavian becoming the first Roman Emperor, Augustus.

In 1666, the Great Fire of London began, destroying much of the city and effectively ending the Great Plague by killing off rats and fleas.

In 1667, the first public exhibition of the harpsichord took place in Paris, significantly influencing Baroque music.

In 1789, the U.S. Department of the Treasury was established, laying the foundation for the American financial system under Alexander Hamilton.

In 1859, the first scientifically documented glacier measurement was conducted on the Aletsch Glacier, marking the beginning of glaciology.

In 1923, the first cryptographic message was sent via radio broadcast in London, an early experiment in secure communication.

In 1945, World War II officially ended with Japan's surrender aboard the USS Missouri, leading to the occupation and reconstruction of Japan.

In 1969, Argentina's national football team won the South American U-20 Championship, showcasing the nation's rising football prowess.

In 1973, the Stockholm Conference on Artificial Intelligence was held, marking one of the earliest international discussions on AI research and ethics.

In 2008, Google launched its first web browser, Chrome, revolutionizing the web browser market with its speed and simplicity.