OTD:

In 476 CE, Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman emperor, was deposed by Odoacer in Ravenna, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire and the start of the Middle Ages in Europe.

In 1888, in London, the body of Annie Chapman, the second victim of Jack the Ripper, was found in Whitechapel, intensifying public panic and highlighting poor social conditions in the East End.

In 1882, Thomas Edison switched on the world’s first commercial electric power plant in New York City, marking the beginning of the electric age and revolutionizing modern life.

In 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to block nine African American students from entering Little Rock Central High School, escalating a major civil rights crisis.

In 1960, American sprinter Wilma Rudolph became the first woman to win three gold medals in track and field at a single Olympic Games, overcoming polio and becoming a global sports icon.

In 1970, a massive landslide triggered by the Ancash earthquake in Peru buried the town of Yungay, killing over 20,000 people in one of South America's deadliest disasters.

In 1972, the Munich Massacre occurred during the Olympics, where Palestinian terrorists took 11 Israeli athletes hostage, ending in the deaths of all hostages and several others.

In 1995, the Fourth World Conference on Women convened in New York City, leading to the adoption of the Beijing Declaration, a landmark document advocating for global gender equality.

In 2012, NASA's Voyager 1 became the first human-made object to enter interstellar space, providing groundbreaking data from beyond our solar system.

OTD:

In 301 CE, the microstate of San Marino was founded, traditionally regarded as the world's oldest republic, established by Saint Marinus on Mount Titano.

In 1189, Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, was crowned King of England, noted for his leadership in the Third Crusade and his chivalrous reputation.

In 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed in France, officially ending the American Revolutionary War and recognizing the United States' independence.

In 1939, France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II in Europe after Germany's invasion of Poland.

In 1950, during the Korean War, the Battle of Pusan Perimeter reached a critical point as UN forces halted the North Korean advance, marking a turning point in the conflict.

In 1967, Sweden switched from driving on the left to the right side of the road in a well-coordinated event known as "Dagen H" to improve road safety.

In 1969, the first ATM in the United States was installed in Mountain View, California, revolutionizing banking by providing 24-hour access to cash.

In 1977, the U.S. Open became the first Grand Slam tennis tournament to offer equal prize money to male and female champions, advancing gender equality in sports.

In 2002, the Basel II Accord was finalized in Switzerland, introducing new international banking regulations focused on risk management and financial stability.

In 2015, the AI system AlphaGo defeated European Go champion Fan Hui, marking the first time an AI had beaten a professional human player in Go.

OTD:

In 31 BCE, Octavian's forces defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium, leading to Octavian becoming the first Roman Emperor, Augustus.

In 1666, the Great Fire of London began, destroying much of the city and effectively ending the Great Plague by killing off rats and fleas.

In 1667, the first public exhibition of the harpsichord took place in Paris, significantly influencing Baroque music.

In 1789, the U.S. Department of the Treasury was established, laying the foundation for the American financial system under Alexander Hamilton.

In 1859, the first scientifically documented glacier measurement was conducted on the Aletsch Glacier, marking the beginning of glaciology.

In 1923, the first cryptographic message was sent via radio broadcast in London, an early experiment in secure communication.

In 1945, World War II officially ended with Japan's surrender aboard the USS Missouri, leading to the occupation and reconstruction of Japan.

In 1969, Argentina's national football team won the South American U-20 Championship, showcasing the nation's rising football prowess.

In 1973, the Stockholm Conference on Artificial Intelligence was held, marking one of the earliest international discussions on AI research and ethics.

In 2008, Google launched its first web browser, Chrome, revolutionizing the web browser market with its speed and simplicity.