Candide ya da İyimserlik
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Okan Şenozan
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Aydınlanma Çağının (Fr. Le siècle des Lumières: 17151789) en ünlü filozoflarından olan Voltaire’in başyapıtı kabul edilen Candide, Ocak 1759’da Cenevre’de, Doktor Ralph diye birine ait Almanca bir eserin Fransızca çevirisiymiş gibi yayımlandı. Voltaire daha hayattayken elli baskısı yapıldı ve birçok dile çevirildi.
Voltaire Candide’i, Alman filozof Leibniz’in “Tanrı kusursuzdur, dünya mükemmel olmayabilir ama Tanrı onu mümkün olan en iyi biçimde yaratmıştır. Kötülük her an mevcuttur ancak sonsuz bir iyilikle dengelenmiştir.” şeklinde özetlenebilen İyimserlik (Fr. L'optimisme) felsefesine itiraz etmek için kaleme almıştır. Leibniz’in “Her şey iyidir.” şeklindeki temel önermesinin aksine, kötülüğün hep var olduğunu, bunun da Tanrı’nın lütfuyla bağdaşmadığını savunan Voltaire, kusursuz bir Tanrı’nın en az kusurlu bir dünya yaratmasını akılcı bulmaz. Voltaire aşırı saflık, hatta aptallık olarak nitelediği bu iyimserliğe, başta Candide olmak üzere, diyar diyar gezdirdiği kahramanlarının başına gelen felaketlerle cevap verir.
İyimserliğin kaderciliği özendirdiğini düşünen Voltaire, bunun yerine maddi ve manevi gelişimin temeli olarak gördüğü ve insanı mutlu edeceğine inandığı çalışmayı önerir. O bunca kötülüğün ortasında Yazgıdan medet ummak yerine, insanın kendi çabasıyla durumunu iyileştirebileceğine inanır. Voltaire’in bu çalışma önerisi Candide’in kıssadan hissesi (alınacak ders) ve hikâyenin de son cümlesidir:
“… il faut cultiver notre jardin: Bahçemizi ekmemiz lazım.”
Teolojik ve felsefi bir savın tekdüzeliğinin; imgelem gücü, öykülemenin çeşitliliği ve kaba güldürüsüyle akıcı bir anlatıya dönüştüğü Candide felsefi öykü türünün şaheseri kabul edilir.
Yakup YAŞA tarafından titizce yapılan ve birçok açıklayıcı bilgi ve görselin de yer aldığı bu çeviri; hem okurlara felsefi bir yanı da olan Candide’i öykü tadında okuma imkânı sunacak hem de Voltaire üzerinde çalışanlara önemli bir rehber olacaktır.
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