The Rise and Fall of the East

How Exams, Autocracy, Stability, and Technology Brought China Success, and Why They Might Lead to Its Decline

By: Yasheng Huang PhD

Narrated by: Rebecca Lam

Chinese society has been shaped by the interplay of the EAST—exams, autocracy, stability, and technology—from ancient times through the present. Beginning with the Sui dynasty's introduction of the civil service exam, known as Keju, in 587 CE—and continuing through the personnel management system used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)—Chinese autocracies have developed exceptional tools for homogenizing ideas, norms, and practices. But this uniformity came with a huge downside: stifled creativity.

Yasheng Huang shows how China transitioned from dynamism to extreme stagnation after the Keju was instituted. China's most prosperous periods, such as during the Tang dynasty (618-907) and under the reformist CCP, occurred when its emphasis on scale (the size of bureaucracy) was balanced with scope (diversity of ideas).

Considering China's remarkable success over the past half-century, Huang sees signs of danger in the political and economic reversals under Xi Jinping. The CCP has again vaulted conformity above new ideas, reverting to the Keju model that eventually led to technological decline. It is a lesson from China's own history, Huang argues, that Chinese leaders would be wise to take seriously.

©2023 Yasheng Huang (P)2023 Tantor

Thought provoking

I'm far from qualified to evaluate the correctness of the hypothesis but it was thought provoking and illuminating in any case.

Appalling business-speak

It's an okay read, though nothing exceptional. The book centers on two main arguments:

1. China lagged technologically because it wasn't divided into smaller kingdoms, unlike post-Roman Western Europe.
2. The imperial examination system (Keju) suppressed creativity.

The first point isn't new-many scholars have made similar observations. The second argument, however, is more compelling. Huang provides extensive details about the Keju system, showcasing its complexity. The fact that few modern nations could implement such an intricate system also highlights the Imperial China's impressive organizational capacity.

When discussing recent developments, Huang sticks to mainstream views but peppers his narrative with interesting anecdotes. He seems to view the 1990s-2000s as an ideal period and is entirely critical of Xi Jinping's leadership (which is understandable from a certain point of view). The writing style occasionally resembles that of business consultants, with some sections reading like PowerPoint slides, and that's what really irked me. This came out of an academic press and yet the writing would occassionally devolve into corporate lingo making it feel more like your average pop-business book rather than a scholarly work.