Fundamentals of Credit and Credit Analysis: Corporate Credit Analysis

By: Arnold Ziegel

Narrated by: Eric Robertson

Arnold Ziegel formed Mountain Mentors Associates after his retirement from a corporate banking career of more than 30 years at Citibank. The lessons learned from his experience in dealing with entrepreneurs, multinational corporations, highly leveraged companies, financial institutions, and structured finance led to the development and delivery of numerous senior level credit risk training programs for major global financial institutions from 2002 through the present. This book was conceived and written as a result of the development of these courses and his experience as a corporate banker. It illustrates the fundamental issues of credit and credit analysis in a manner that tries to take away its mystery. The overriding theme of this book is that when an investor extends credit of any type, the goal is "to get your money back", and with a return that is commensurate with the risk.

The goal of credit analysis is not to make "yes or no" decisions about the extension of credit, but to identify the degree of risk associated with a particular obligor or a particular credit instrument. This is consistent with modern banking industry portfolio management and the rating systems of credit agencies. Once the 'riskiness" of an obligor or credit instrument is established, it can be priced or structured to match the risk demands or investment criteria of the entity that is extending the credit. A simple quote from Mr. J. P. Morgan is used often in this text - "Lending is not based primarily on money or property. No sir, the first thing is character". This statement represents one of the conflicts in modern credit analysis - that of models for decision making versus traditional credit analysis. The 2008 financial crisis was rooted in the mortgage backed securities business.

Sophisticated models were used by investors, banks, and rating agencies to judge the credit worthiness of billions (and maybe trillions) of dollars worth of residential mortgage loans that were packaged into securities and distributed to investors. The models indicated that these securities would have very low losses. Of course, huge losses were incurred. Mr. Morgan had a good point. In this case is was both property and character. The properties that were the collateral for many of the mortgages had much less value than was anticipated. The valuation of the collateral was naïve and flawed. Many assumptions were made that the value of homes would rise without pause. Many mortgage loans were made that were at or even above the appraised value of a residence.

But character was a huge, perhaps larger, factor behind these losses. Many of the residential mortgage loans were made to individuals who knew that they did not have the income to make the required payments on the mortgages. Many of the mortgage brokers and lenders who made these loans also knew that many of the borrowers were not properly qualified. And, many of the bankers who securitized these loans also may have doubted the credit quality of some of the underlying mortgages. If bankers and rating agencies understood the extent of the fraud and lax standards in the fundamental loans backing the mortgage securities, or were willing to acknowledge it, the fiasco would not have occurred.

Download the accompanying reference guide.©2014 Arnold Ziegel (P)2020 Arnold Ziegel

excellent for beginners like me

excellent for beginners like me, no math knowledge required. Despite being written a decade ago, surprisingly relevant to the current day of this review

Brilliant

Brilliant read, great overview of banking credit risk and easy to follow principles with relatable examples

Good basics, but too repetitive

I like listening to this. But there are two ways it repeats itself too much: (1) passages seem to be re-read, back to back, as if the narrator went back over it, but this was not edited out; and (2) it just says the same thing (literally the same sentences) too many times. For example, the quote of J.P. Morgan that credit is based not on money or property but on character, is repeated, i mean, countless times: the very same quote. Sometimes, it is repeated a few times in 10 minuTes. Hello, I GOT it!!!! I like the examples as far as they go, but I wish the author had devoted less time to repetition and more to a little bit more quantitative detail. Anyone with a passing interest in finance knows Enron had poor cash flow and lots of off-balance sheet gimmicks to dress up its financial statements; I would like to have heard a few numbers to sketch out the quantities a little more. A beginner can benefit from this basic finance (which explains a bit about corporate and investment metrics too), but it could have been better with some different editing choices.