We continue with our series about building agentic AI systems from the ground up and for desired accuracy. In this episode, we explore linear programming and optimization methods that enable reliable decision-making within constraints.

Show notes:

• Linear programming allows us to solve problems with multiple constraints, like finding optimal flights that meet budget requirements
• The Lagrange multiplier method helps find optimal solutions within constraints by reformulating utility functions
• Combinatorial optimization handles discrete choices like selecting specific flights rather than continuous variables
• Dynamic programming techniques break complex problems into manageable subproblems to find solutions efficiently
• Mixed integer programming combines continuous variables (like budget) with discrete choices (like flights)
• Neurosymbolic approaches potentially offer conversational interfaces with the reliability of mathematical solvers
• Unlike pattern-matching LLMs, mathematical optimization guarantees solutions that respect user constraints

Make sure you check out Part 1: Mechanism design and Part 2: Utility functions. In the next episode, we'll pull all of the components from these three episodes to demonstrate a complete travel agent AI implementation with code examples and governance considerations.

What we're reading:

• Burn Book - Kara Swisher, March 2025
• Signal and the Noise - Nate Silver, 2012
• Leadership in Turbulent Times - Doris Kearns Goodwin

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The hosts look at utility functions as the mathematical basis for making AI systems. They use the example of a travel agent that doesn’t get tired and can be increased indefinitely to meet increasing customer demand. They also discuss the difference between this structured, economic-based approach with the problems of using large language models for multi-step tasks.

This episode is part 2 of our series about building smarter AI agents from the fundamentals. Listen to Part 1 about mechanism design HERE.

Show notes:

• Discussing the current AI landscape where companies are discovering implementation is harder than anticipated
• Introducing the travel agent use case requiring ingestion, reasoning, execution, and feedback capabilities
• Explaining why LLMs aren't designed for optimization tasks despite their conversational abilities
• Breaking down utility functions from economic theory as a way to quantify user preferences
• Exploring concepts like indifference curves and marginal rates of substitution for preference modeling
• Examining four cases of utility relationships: independent goods, substitutes, complements, and diminishing returns
• Highlighting how mathematical optimization provides explainability and guarantees that LLMs cannot
• Setting up for future episodes that will detail the technical implementation of utility-based agents

Subscribe so that you don't miss the next episode. In part 3, Andrew and Sid will explain linear programming and other optimization techniques to build upon these utility functions and create truly personalized travel experiences.

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What if we've been approaching AI agents all wrong? While the tech world obsesses over larger language models (LLMs) and prompt engineering, there'a a foundational approach that could revolutionize how we build trustworthy AI systems: mechanism design.

This episode kicks off an exciting series where we're building AI agents "the hard way"—using principles from game theory and microeconomics to create systems with predictable, governable behavior. Rather than hoping an LLM can magically handle complex multi-step processes like booking travel, Sid and Andrew explore how to design the rules of the game so that even self-interested agents produce optimal outcomes.

Drawing from our conversation with Dr. Michael Zarham (Episode 32), we break down why LLM-based agents struggle with transparency and governance. The "surface area" for errors expands dramatically when you can't explain how decisions are made across multiple steps. Instead, mechanism design creates clear states with defined optimization parameters at each stage—making the entire system more reliable and accountable.

We explore the famous Prisoner's Dilemma to illustrate how individual incentives can work against collective benefits without proper system design. Then we introduce the Vickrey-Clark-Groves mechanism, which ensures AI agents truthfully reveal preferences and actively participate in multi-step processes—critical properties for enterprise applications.

Beyond technical advantages, this approach offers something profound: a way to preserve humanity in increasingly automated systems. By explicitly designing for values, fairness, and social welfare, we're not just building better agents—we're ensuring AI serves human needs rather than replacing human thought.

Subscribe now to follow our journey as we build an agentic travel system from first principles, applying these concepts to real business challenges. Have questions about mechanism design for AI? Send them our way for future episodes!

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Dr. Michael Zargham provides a systems engineering perspective on AI agents, emphasizing accountability structures and the relationship between principals who deploy agents and the agents themselves. In this episode, he brings clarity to the often misunderstood concept of agents in AI by grounding them in established engineering principles rather than treating them as mysterious or elusive entities.

Show highlights

• Agents should be understood through the lens of the principal-agent relationship, with clear lines of accountability
• True validation of AI systems means ensuring outcomes match intentions, not just optimizing loss functions
• LLMs by themselves are "high-dimensional word calculators," not agents - agents are more complex systems with LLMs as components
• Guardrails provide deterministic constraints ("musts" or "shalls") versus constitutional AI's softer guidance ("shoulds")
• Systems engineering approaches from civil engineering and materials science offer valuable frameworks for AI development
• Authority and accountability must align - people shouldn't be held responsible for systems they don't have authority to control
• The transition from static input-output to closed-loop dynamical systems represents the shift toward truly agentic behavior
• Robust agent systems require both exploration (lab work) and exploitation (hardened deployment) phases with different standards

Explore Dr. Zargham's work

• Protocols and Institutions (Feb 27, 2025)
• Comments Submitted by BlockScience, University of Washington APL Information Risk and Synthetic Intelligence Research Initiative (IRSIRI), Cognitive Security and Education Forum (COGSEC), and the Active Inference Institute (AII) to the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development National Coordination Office's Request for Comment on The Creation of a National Digital Twins R&D Strategic Plan NITRD-2024-13379 (Aug 8, 2024)

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Part 2 of this series could have easily been renamed "AI for science: The expert’s guide to practical machine learning.” We continue our discussion with Christoph Molnar and Timo Freiesleben to look at how scientists can apply supervised machine learning techniques from the previous episode into their research.

Introduction to supervised ML for science (0:00)

• Welcome back to Christoph Molnar and Timo Freiesleben, co-authors of “Supervised Machine Learning for Science: How to Stop Worrying and Love Your Black Box”

The model as the expert? (1:00)

• Evaluation metrics have profound downstream effects on all modeling decisions
• Data augmentation offers a simple yet powerful way to incorporate domain knowledge
• Domain expertise is often undervalued in data science despite being crucial

Measuring causality: Metrics and blind spots (10:10)

• Causality approaches in ML range from exploring associations to inferring treatment effects

Connecting models to scientific understanding (18:00)

• Interpretation methods must stay within realistic data distributions to yield meaningful insights

Robustness across distribution shifts (26:40)

• Robustness requires understanding what distribution shifts affect your model
• Pre-trained models and transfer learning provide promising paths to more robust scientific ML

Reproducibility challenges in ML and science (35:00)

• Reproducibility challenges differ between traditional science and machine learning

Go back to listen to part one of this series for the conceptual foundations that support these practical applications.

Check out Christoph and Timo's book “Supervised Machine Learning for Science: How to Stop Worrying and Love Your Black Box” available online now.

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Machine learning is transforming scientific research across disciplines, but many scientists remain skeptical about using approaches that focus on prediction over causal understanding.

That’s why we are excited to have Christoph Molnar return to the podcast with Timo Freiesleben. They are co-authors of "Supervised Machine Learning for Science: How to Stop Worrying and Love your Black Box." We will talk about the perceived problems with automation in certain sciences and find out how scientists can use machine learning without losing scientific accuracy.

• Different scientific disciplines have varying goals beyond prediction, including control, explanation, and reasoning about phenomena
• Traditional scientific approaches build models from simple to complex, while machine learning often starts with complex models
• Scientists worry about using ML due to lack of interpretability and causal understanding
• ML can both integrate domain knowledge and test existing scientific hypotheses
• "Shortcut learning" occurs when models find predictive patterns that aren't meaningful
• Machine learning adoption varies widely across scientific fields
• Ecology and medical imaging have embraced ML, while other fields remain cautious
• Future directions include ML potentially discovering scientific laws humans can understand
• Researchers should view machine learning as another tool in their scientific toolkit

Stay tuned! In part 2, we'll shift the discussion with Christoph and Timo to talk about putting these concepts into practice.

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Unlock the secrets to AI's modeling paradigms. We emphasize the importance of modeling practices, how they interact, and how they should be considered in relation to each other before you act. Using the right tool for the right job is key. We hope you enjoy these examples of where the greatest AI and machine learning techniques exist in your routine today.

More AI agent disruptors (0:56)

• Proxy from London start-up Convergence AI
• Another hit to OpenAI, this product is available for free, unlike OpenAI’s Operator.

AI Paris Summit - What's next for regulation? (4:40)

• [Vice President] Vance tells Europeans that heavy regulation can kill AI
• US federal administration withdrawing from the previous trend of sweeping big tech regulation on modeling systems.
• The EU is pushing to reduce bureaucracy but not regulatory pressure

Modeling paradigms explained (10:33)

• As companies look for an edge in high-stakes computations, we’ve seen best-in-class rediscovering expert system-based techniques that, with modern computing power, are breathing new light into them.
  • Paradigm 1: Agents (11:23)
  • Paradigm 2: Generative (14:26)
  • Paradigm 3: Mathematical optimization (regression) (18:33)
  • Paradigm 4: Predictive (classification) (23:19)
  • Paradigm 5: Control theory (24:37)

The right modeling paradigm for the job? (28:05)

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Agentic AI is the latest foray into big-bet promises for businesses and society at large. While promising autonomy and efficiency, AI agents raise fundamental questions about their accuracy, governance, and the potential pitfalls of over-reliance on automation.

Does this story sound vaguely familiar? Hold that thought. This discussion about the over-under of certain promises is for you.

Show Notes

The economics of LLMs and DeepSeek R1 (00:00:03)

• Reviewing recent developments in AI technologies and their implications
• Discussing the impact of DeepSeek’s R1 model on the AI landscape, NVIDIA

The origins of agentic AI (00:07:12)

• Status quo of AI models to date: Is big tech backing away from promise of generative AI?
• Agentic AI designed to perceive, reason, act, and learn

Governance and agentic AI (00:13:12)

• Examining the tension between cost efficiency and performance risks [LangChain State of AI Agents Report]
• Highlighting governance concerns related to AI agents

Issues with agentic AI implementation (00:21:01)

• Considering the limitations of AI agents and their adoption in the workplace
• Analyzing real-world experiments with AI agent technologies, like Devin

What's next for complex and agentic AI systems (00:29:27)

• Offering insights on the cautious integration of these systems in business practices
• Encouraging a thoughtful approach to leveraging AI capabilities for measurable outcomes

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