The Italian American ethnic group constitutes a vibrant, well-established community that has contributed substantially to American society and culture. The largest subgroup of American immigrants, their legacy in the United States dates back over 150 years. From iconic food and wine to art and architecture, to business and politics, Italian Americans have left an indelible mark across the nation. Origins of Italian Immigration: The great waves of Italian immigration to America occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Economic hardship plagued Italy during this period, with severe poverty, taxes, droughts, famines and overpopulation presenting stark livelihood challenges. Poor farmers began emigrating overseas in search of land and work. News of plentiful jobs and religious tolerance drew Italians towards America amongst other destinations. These impoverished beginnings characterized most initial Italian immigrants. Ellis Island served as the main port of entry from 1892-1924, processing millions seeking American shores. Early Italian immigrants hailed predominantly from southern Italian regions like Sicily, Campania, Abruzzo, Calabria, and Puglia as well as the Mezzogiorno outskirts. Seeking relief from destitution, they harbored hopes of earning money to support families back home, with plans to eventually return. This first major immigrant wave peaked from 1880 to 1920, with numbers reducing due to emergent immigration quotas. Over 4 million Italians entered America during this key period, laying the bedrock for Italian American communities. Settlement and Population Distribution: Given the agrarian roots of early Italian immigrants, many initial settlements occurred in rural areas requiring farm labor. But Italian populations soon concentrated around major eastern seaboard cities and industrial towns for employment. Prominent settlements arose across New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and California. Italian immigrants clustered mainly in urban enclaves or "Little Italies" within large cities like New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia and San Francisco. At first, occupying run-down tenement housing, Italian districts often expanded into adjoining areas whilst maintaining cultural cohesion through imported traditions, values, food, language and institutions. Current demographic data estimates the Italian American population at around 18 million nationwide - comprising over 5% of the total U.S. population making them a notably influential bloc. The highest concentration resides still within the northeastern states, most tracing lineage back to the initial turn of the century migrant influx. Italian descent represents the 5th largest self-identified ancestry group across America today. Their long-established presence across generations has enabled Italian Americans to assimilate smoothly into mainstream society over time whilst still preserving distinct cultural customs. Societal Reception and Discrimination: Facing vast cultural differences plus foreign language barriers, early Italian immigrants met considerable discrimination and hostility from the receiving American public. As impoverished, minimally educated manual laborers, they occupied the bottom-most socioeconomic rungs initially. Concentrated in flashy urban enclaves, Italians further triggered negative sentiment and prejudice from Anglo-Saxon locals unaccustomed to their unconventional norms. Unfamiliar religious expressions of Catholicism like Saint worship, ornate icons and exuberant festivals also fueled anti-Italian suspicion amongst America's predominantly Protestant public. Their perceived threat to jobs and wages through accepting low-paying labour stoked working-class resentment. Italian immigrants even confronted blame for elevated crime from the notorious activities of underground mafia offshoots like the Black Hand gang. This anti-Italian bias permeated government policies as well which long classified Italians alongside groups banned from immigrating or gaining citizenship like Asians, Africans and Eastern Europeans. Perceived as impossible to assimilate, they faced restrictions including immigration quotas, marginalization and surveillance. Italians combatted this by establishing insular, self-sufficient communities plus mutual aid societies that countered external hostility. Over generations, their upward mobility in socioeconomic status and cultural assimilation gradually blunted widespread prejudice. But the stigma of criminal stereotypes lingered for decades. America's Italians overcame profound early discrimination to cement their standing in the 20th century. Economic Occupations and Mobility: Most pioneering Italian immigrants endured lives of hardship and poverty. As farmers or unskilled laborers lacking education or assets, early generations faced extensive exclusion and exploitation as disposable manual workers. But some enterprising immigrants capitalized on ...
