The Olmec and Toltec

The History of Early Mesoamerica's Most Influential Cultures

By: Charles River Editors

Narrated by: Michael Gilboe

The Olmec people are widely recognized as the first major civilization of Mexico and are thus generally regarded as the mother civilization of Mesoamerica, making them the people from which all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures derived. In fact, the term Olmec is thought to have originated with the Aztec people, as Olmec in their Nahuatl language means "the rubber people", a reference to the inhabitants of the land from which they accessed rubber. By and large, the Olmec culture is perhaps best identifiable by their so-called colossal heads, mammoth basalt head-statues wearing helmet-like headdresses found throughout Olmec habitation sites.

Around 2500 BC, the Olmec settled primarily along Mexico's Gulf Coast in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico (in the modern-day States of Veracruz and Tabasco), and they flourished during North America's Prehistoric Indian Formative period from about 1700-400 BC. Their direct cultural contributions were still evident as late as AD 300. Among Mesoamerican scholars, the Formative period is subdivided into the Preclassic (Olmec period), Classic (Maya period), and Postclassic (Toltec and Aztec periods).

The Olmec's agricultural abilities sustained them and ensured their power and influence for over a millennium. They produced corn/maize, squash, and other plant foods in such quantities that they were afforded the manpower to build great monuments and ceremonial centers to further promote their cultural identity. From a cultural standpoint, their pyramids, open plazas, their ballgame, and possibly even centers of human sacrifice are thought to have established the societal model that subsequent societies like the Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacano, Toltec, Mixtec, and Aztec would emulate. In the same vein, some scholars believe that they also affected the cultural development of the Native American groups of the United States and those of Central and South America as well. Proving to be one the most enduring models ever, the religious and cultural structure the Olmec established held reign for over 3,000 years, and it would likely have endured much longer without the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.

The Toltec are one of the most famous Mesoamerican groups in South America, but they are also the most controversial and mysterious. The Toltec have been identified as the group that established a strong state centered in Tula (in present-day Mexico), and the Aztec claimed the Toltec as their cultural predecessors, so much so that the word Toltec comes from the Aztec's word Toltecatl, translated as artisan. The Aztec also kept track of the Toltec's history, including keeping a list of important rulers and events, that suggest the peak of the Toltec occurred from about AD 900-1100.

While scholars continue to debate whether the Toltec were an actual historical group, there is an added layer of mystery to the fact that the settlement at Tula has a lot in common with the famous Mayan settlement at Chichén Itzá. The architecture and art at both sites are so similar that archaeologists and anthropologists have assumed they had the same cultural influences, even as historians struggle to determine the historical timelines, and thus whether Tula influenced Chichén Itzá or vice versa.

©2016 Charles River Editors (P)2017 Charles River Editors

Information was great but I was distracted by the terrible pronunciation of narrator.

Information was great but I was distracted by the terrible pronunciation of narrator. Otherwise it was good.

Learned A Lot

I learned so much from this book that I never knew. I highly recommend it for anyone wanting to learn more about the Olmec.

Chock full of facts

So full of facts sometimes difficult to follow. Difficult in one listening to catch it all. Will definately listen to this book again . A real treasure chest if information

Great book

Highly recommended. Love the idea of the Olmec culture and the unknown about the existence.

too expensive too short.

I found the information very interesting but very short and therefore unsatisfying. it was interesting that the author placed so much trust in the Carlos Castaneda information.

Atlantis and the Maya, really ?

The writer isn't knowledgeable on the subject.
The narration is awful, the speaker butchers the Native American words as well as English.
Don't waste your time.