Armies of Sand

The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military Effectiveness

By: Kenneth M. Pollack

Narrated by: David de Vries

Since the Second World War, Arab armed forces have consistently punched below their weight. They have lost many wars that by all rights they should have won, and in their best performances only ever achieved quite modest accomplishments. Over time, soldiers, scholars, and military experts have offered various explanations for this pattern. Reliance on Soviet military methods, the poor civil-military relations of the Arab world, the underdevelopment of the Arab states, and patterns of behavior derived from the wider Arab culture, have all been suggested as the ultimate source of Arab military difficulties.

Armies of Sand, Kenneth M. Pollack's powerful and riveting history of Arab armies from the end of World War Two to the present, assesses these differing explanations and isolates the most important causes. Over the course of the book, he examines the combat performance of 15 Arab armies and air forces in virtually every Middle Eastern war, from the Jordanians and Syrians in 1948 to Hizballah in 2006 and the Iraqis and ISIS in 2014-2017. He then compares these experiences to the performance of the Argentine, Chadian, Chinese, Cuban, North Korean, and South Vietnamese armed forces in their own combat operations during the 20th century.

©2019 Kenneth M. Pollack (P)2019 Tantor

Best resource for Middle East military’s not making 21st-century changes.

This book does a great job of compiling and synthesizing the information that many western militaries believe hinder the Middle East from becoming a 21st-century military power. Highly recommended for anyone working in the Middle East.

A long windup to a short conclusion

A lot more about non-Arab militaries than was expected. Feel free to skip ahead to the last third of the book which focuses on culture.

A Very Worthwhile Listen

This is an excellent and most scholarly work by Mr. Pollack and wonderfully narrated by David de Vries.

At first, I wondered if I hadn't chosen this book in error as I initially thought (in the first few minutes) perhaps it wasn’t for me. Boy was I wrong! It very soon grew on me and I was shortly deeply immersed in this fascinating work.

Having previously read material on the six day war I had idly wondered how the Israel Defence Force could be so good as to have achieved such a victory in the face of overwhelming military odds (and conversely, why did the forces arrayed against them appear to fall apart when they seemingly had every possible advantage).

Well Kenneth M. Pollack not only explains what happened, but why, in a range of post WW II conflict areas, the combat performance of Arab armed forces is almost universally deficient.

In particular, how cultural imperatives, political interference in military appointments and decision making and a range of other factors operated to ensure that Arab armed forces were always being hamstrung.

Well worth the credit.

Insightful yet dull

The insight I gained about Arab culture and its knock on effects on organizational performance was indispensable. The battlefield descriptions however left plenty to be desired and only served to water down the social significance of the good content in this book.

Fantastic analysis

While it is lengthy, Pollack’s analysis is thorough and insightful. I would have loved to hear more about future warfare supported by scholarly sources, and how it could impact or insulate the Arabs from the deleterious cultural traits that have led them to fare poorly in battle. But overall this is a superb accounting of why, and how culture is a determinant of military effectiveness.

For any who have ever marveled at Israel’s stunning victories in multiple Arab wars or wondered about why the Mongols were so incredibly effective but their empire seemed to crumble to dust immediately compared to Ancient Rome, this book is for you. For modern military analyses and scholarly work, this is an informed accounting about the role and relation of societal culture, economics, and culturally regular behavior on military effectiveness.

Spectacular book…

Fantastic work on this book… and it answered, in a very clear and understandable way some lifelong questions I’ve had…

Recommended

I'd recommend this for anyone who'd like to know about military science and/or why the middle east is the way it is. The account goes into very convoluted subjects that are usually only understood by a few wizards and manages to be clear and concise. One will even learn about many recent wars.

I do not give the author a perfect score because while I learned many things in his brief accounts of many conflicts, I was already expert on others and saw some major oversimplifications involved (for instance, he subscribes to the myth there was a "winner" of the 2008 Israel-Hezbollah War).

Also, some of the things he said about Arab-Israeli Wars were unnecessarily opinionated. He also had no concept of naming conventions whether neutral or partial and proceeded to use pejoratives unnecessarily. Namely, he doesn't know what the definition terrorism is, bit that is also par for the course. He also refers to the West Bank as Judea&Samaria, and refers to the Palmach as a terror group.

I do not give the reader a perfect score because he sometimes mispronounces local names in bizarre ways. For instance, he pronounces Amir as what sounds like Armsh.

Best Analysis

This is the best overall analysis of Arab military performance I have ever read. Kenneth Pollack breaks down Arab military effectiveness since 1945 in a truly academic fashion by contrasting different Arab armies with armies from both the developing world and first world. Kenneth Pollack examines how Arab culture has influenced their military effectiveness as well. He provides a balanced and in depth analysis of Arab military performance since 1945.

You Probably Already Know The Answer

Scholarly work in which the author provides the support for an answer you probably already knew. First half of the book the author debunks the other issues in order to explore the real issue for Arab military mediocrity.

Flawed Analysis

I have endured many hours of banal recounts of various 3rd world wars, but you don't have to suffer that to find out author's thesis.

SPOILERS ALERT:

His conclusion is that the dominant Arabic culture is there to blame.

I happen to know a f**king huge counterexample to this thesis very well. KOREA.

His depiction of predominant Arab culture of the mid-to-late 20th century is completely IDENTICAL to that of (both North & South) Korea of the same era. Conformity of social expectations, thinking in groups rather than in individuals, centralization, deference to authority, etc... EVERY SINGLE ONE OF THEM are what characterized, if not DEFINED the Neo-CONFUCIAN morals & social philosophy that prevailed in Korean peninsula from at least 17th century if not earlier. Yes, the peninsula was subjugated to Japan for 35 years and 1/3 of the population has been Protestant Christian since the 1960s, but as Koreans themselves lament, this had little rectifying effect on Korean mentality. Many Koreans argue that pre-modern, pre-industrialized Korean Confucian culture that was already flawed in so many ways was even more perverted through colonialization and modernization, and the form of Protestant Christianity practiced in (South) Korea is a distorted one.

And the author used pre-industrialized North Korean army of the Korean War to CONTRAST it from the armies of the Arab states! I can only laugh at this. And while the Korean army has not fought any major war since the 1960s, one could not say that Korean armies - either North or South - have problems with tactical usage and maintenance modern armament. One has developed state-of-the-art tanks and artillery, and the other tested nuclear weapons and shoots ICBMs.

Why did junior officers and pilots of several Arab countries significantly underperform in multiple wars over several decades? I don't know, but I am sure that you will not find an answer in this book. I am returning this thing. I have wasted so much my free time on this.