Suzanne O'Sullivan is a neurologist who sees many patients with psychosomatic disorders. Their symptoms may be psychological in origin, but their pain is real and physical — and the way we practice medicine, she argues, is making those and other health problems worse.

• SOURCES:
  • Suzanne O'Sullivan, neurologist and author of The Age of Diagnosis How Our Obsession with Medical Labels Is Making Us Sicker.

• RESOURCES:
  • The Age of Diagnosis: How Our Obsession with Medical Labels Is Making Us Sicker, by Suzanne O'Sullivan (2025).
  • "Associations of Depression, Anxiety, Worry, Perceived Stress, and Loneliness Prior to Infection With Risk of Post-COVID-19 Conditions," by Siwen Wang, Luwei Quan, Jorge Chavarro, Natalie Slopen, Laura Kubzansky, Karestan Koenen, Jae Hee Kang, Marc G. Weisskopf, Westyn Branch-Elliman, and Andrea Roberts (JAMA Psychiatry, 2022).
  • "How beliefs about coronavirus disease (COVID) influence COVID-like symptoms? – A longitudinal study." by Liron Rozenkrantz, Tobias Kube, Michael H Bernstein, and John D.E. Gabrieli (Health Psychology, 2022).
  • "Risk factors for worsening of somatic symptom burden in a prospective cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic," by Petra Engelmann, Bernd Löwe, Thomas Theo Brehm, Angelika Weigel, Felix Ullrich, Marylyn Addo, Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch, Ansgar Lohse, and Anne Toussaint (Frontier Psychology, 2022).
  • The Sleeping Beauties: And Other Stories of Mystery Illness, by Suzanne O'Sullivan (2021).
  • Brainstorm: Detective Stories from the World of Neurology, by Suzanne O'Sullivan (2018).
  • "The Trauma of Facing Deportation," by Rachel Aviv (The New Yorker, 2017).
  • It's All in Your Head: True Stories of Imaginary Illness, by Suzanne O'Sullivan (2015).
  • The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma, by Bessel van der Kolk (2014).
  • "Explaining the Rise in Youth Suicide," by David Cutler, Edward Glaeser,
    and Karen Norberg (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001).

• EXTRAS:
  • Counted Out, documentary (2024).
  • "Bringing Data to Life," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2023).
  • "Adding Ten Healthy Years to Your Life," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2023).
  • "America’s Math Curriculum Doesn’t Add Up," by Freakonomics Radio (2019).
  • Race to Nowhere, documentary (2010).
  • Data Science for Everyone.

Reginald Dwayne Betts spent more than eight years in prison. Today he's a Yale Law graduate, a MacArthur Fellow, and a poet. His nonprofit works to build libraries in prisons so that more incarcerated people can find hope.

• SOURCES:
  • Reginald Dwayne Betts, founder and director of Freedom Reads, award-winning poet, and lawyer.

• RESOURCES:
  • Doggerel: Poems, by Reginald Dwayne Betts (2025).
  • “The Poet Writing on Prison Underwear,” by Adam Iscoe (The New Yorker, 2023).
  • The Voltage Effect, by John List (2022).
  • “If We Truly Believe in Redemption and Second Chances, Parole Should Be Celebrated,” by Reginald Dwayne Betts (The Washington Post, 2021).
  • Insurrections, by Rion Scott (2016).
  • The Secret History of Wonder Woman, by Jill Lepore (2014).
  • Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values, by Robert M. Pirsig (1974).
  • The Black Poets, by Dudley Randall (1971).
  • “For Freckle-Faced Gerald,” by Etheridge Knight (Poems from Prison, 1968).
  • Felon: An America Washi Tale, by Reginald Dwayne Betts.
  • Freedom Reads.

• EXTRAS:
  • “Can a Moonshot Approach to Mental Health Work?” by People I (Mostly) Admire (2023).
  • “Can Data Keep People Out of Prison?” by People I (Mostly) Admire (2023).
  • “The Price of Doing Business with John List,” by People I (Mostly) Admire (2022).
  • “Why Do Most Ideas Fail to Scale?” by Freakonomics Radio (2022).

Chemist Jack Szostak wants to understand how the first life forms came into being on Earth. He and Steve discuss the danger of "mirror bacteria," the origin of biology in poisonous chemicals, and the possibility that life might exist on other planets too.

• SOURCES:
  • Jack Szostak, Nobel laureate and professor of chemistry at The University of Chicago.

• RESOURCES:
  • Is Earth Exceptional?: The Quest for Cosmic Life, by Mario Livio and Jack Szostak (2024)
  • "Q&A: How ‘Mirror Bacteria’ Could Take a Devastating Toll on Humanity," by Isabella Backman (Yale School of Medicine, 2024).
  • "The virtual circular genome model for primordial RNA replication," by Jack Szostak, Lijun Zhou, and Dian Ding (RNA, 2021).
  • "Protocells and RNA Self-Replication," by Gerald Joyce and Jack Szostak (Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2018).
  • "The Narrow Road to the Deep Past: In Search of the Chemistry of the Origin of Life," by Jack Szostak (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017).
  • "Jack Szostak on 'Life in the Lab' (And Autocatalytic Sets)" by Suzan Mazur (Huffington Post, 2014).
  • "Jack W. Szostak Interview" (The Nobel Prize, 2009).
  • "The Miller-Urey Experiment" (National Center for Science Education).
  • "From Old Vials, New Hints on Origin of Life," by Kenny Chang (New York Times, 2008).

• EXTRAS:
  • What Is It Like to Be an Addict?: Understanding Substance Abuse, by Owen Flanagan (2025)
  • "UPDATE: What It’s Like to Be Steve Levitt’s Daughters," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2024).
  • "We Can Play God Now," by Freakonomics Radio (2022).