How Political Infighting Produced the Bill of Rights and a Controversial Map

Differing political philosophies instigated the American Revolution, but after defeating the British, new, yet familiar philosophies butted heads. As Federalists and Antifederalists faced off in literary and verbal spars, a most important Founding Father switched sides. The ongoing political conflicts would soon result in one of the most controversial and enduring political maneuvers in American history.Recommended reading: Gerrymandering in America: The House of Representatives, the Supreme Court, and the Future of Popular Sovereignty by Cambridge University Press. Cartoon - ⁠https://www.si.edu/object/cartoon-gerry-mander-1813%3Anmah_509530⁠Brief history - ⁠https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/gerrymandering-explained?ceid=%7B%7BContactsEmailID%7D%7D&emci=946d3453-90d5-ed11-8e8b-00224832eb73&emdi=ea000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&utm_medium=PANTHEON_STRIPPED⁠Elbridge Gerry - ⁠https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/06/21/the-gerry-in-gerrymandering/⁠Gerry bio - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html⁠ Short Gerry bio - ⁠https://www.nga.org/governor/elbridge-gerry/⁠ First gerrymander - ⁠https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents⁠Redistricting reform act - ⁠https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2670⁠Madison timeline - ⁠https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-madison-papers/articles-and-essays/james-madison-timeline-1751-to-1836/1784-to-1807/⁠Washington gallows quote - ⁠https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-writings-of-george-washington/to-joseph-reed-president-of-the-supreme-executive-council-of-pennsylvania-december-12-1778-excerpt/07E587064BF8A503DB32AD985D1F8BAA⁠Brutus - ⁠https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/brutus-essay-no-1#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBrutus%E2%80%9D%20was%20the%20pseudonym%20for,a%20New%20York%20state%20judge⁠. Antifederalist essays - ⁠https://history.nycourts.gov/about_period/antifederalist-papers/⁠ 89-79 vote on pg 5 (785) - ⁠https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5⁠New York Convention - ⁠https://archive.csac.history.wisc.edu/ny_ratifies_the_constitution.pdf⁠Bill of Rights - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights/how-did-it-happen#:~:text=Introducing%20the%20Bill%20of%20Rights%20in%20the%20First%20Congress&text=But%20James%20Madison%2C%20once%20the,relentlessly%E2%80%9D%20to%20secure%20its%20passage⁠. Signers of Const - ⁠https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-constitution/#:~:text=On%20September%2017%2C%201787%2C%2039,slavery%20and%20the%20slave%20trade⁠.Unanimous rejection - ⁠https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html#:~:text=In%20the%20final%20days%20of%20the%20Constitutional%20Convention%2C%20as%20delegates,little%20debate%2C%20the%20proposal%20was⁠ Mass 187-167 - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html⁠Madison first election - ⁠https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0219⁠ Madison to antifederalist voter - ⁠https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0297⁠Federalist resurgence - ⁠https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768844?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents⁠Gerrymander - ⁠https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/02/elbridge-gerry-and-the-monstrous-gerrymander/⁠Patrick Henry short - ⁠https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/political/patrick_henry.htm⁠Virginia ratifying convention - ⁠https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/oc/stc/entries/virginia-ratifying-convention-journal-june-25-1788#:~:text=This%20broadside%20published%20Virginia's%20decision,of%20America%20to%20do%20so⁠.Madison as Secretary - ⁠https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/madison-james⁠