Klasik Dönem Osmanlı Siyasi Düşüncesi
Anadolu'da Medeniyetin Hikayesi 18
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Narrado por:
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Mehmet Atay
Acerca de esta escucha
Anadolu'da Medeniyetin Hikayesi serisinin yeni bölümlerinden bildirim yoluyla haberdar olmak için seriyi takip etmeyi lütfen unutmayın.
"Osmanlı Devleti koyu merkeziyetçi bir devletti ve bütün işler İstanbul'dan görülürdü. Padişahın atadığı en yetkili kişi, padişahın mührünü taşıyan ve padişaha vekâlet eden veziriazamdı. Osmanlı Devleti’nde toprak padişahın, dolayısıyla Allah’ın malıydı. Fethedilen topraklar sipahi'lere timar olarak verilirdi. Devlet, timarın gelirine göre sipahi'lerden orduya asker göndermelerini ister; bu şekilde 150 bin kişiye varan bir ordunun masraflarını onlara karşılatırdı. Köylüler ise ürettikleri malın sadece onda birini vergi olarak verirlerdi. İmparatorluğun Kuruluş ve Yükseliş devirlerinde bu sistem mükemmel şekilde uygulandı.
16’ncı yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupa’daki coğrafi keşiflerin yarattığı enflasyonun yanı sıra, kötü yönetim ve teknolojide geri kalma nedenleriyle Osmanlı Devleti çöküntü işaretleri vermeye başladı. Modernleşme yolunda III. Selim'in başlayıp tamamlayamadığı reformları II. Mahmud kısmen başardı. Oğlu Abdülmecid 3 Kasım 1839’da Tanzimat Fermanı’nı ilan etti. Çeşitli yüksek okullar açıldı. Abdülaziz yerel yönetimdeki il idare heyetleri üyelerinin yarısının halktan seçilmesini kabul etti. 1868’deki bu gelişme ilk seçimdir, yani halkın yönetime ilk kez katılmasıdır. Fakat o kadarla kaldı. Egemenliğin halk ve padişah arasında bölünmesine dayalı "meşrutiyet" isteyenler ancak sürgün hayatında özgürlükleri dile getirebiliyorlardı.
1876'da ilan edilen ilk Anayasaya göre bütün yetkiler padişahındı. Göstermelik bir meclis kuruluyordu, fakat, siyasal parti kurma, dernek kurma, toplantı özgürlükleri yoktu. II. Abdülhamid, 1878’de Meclis-i Mebusan’ı kapattı. Osmanlı Devleti, 1908’e kadar tam 30 yıl, istibdat adıyla anılan bir zaman aralığında yönetildi: Hürriyet, meşrutiyet gibi sözlerin kullanılması yasaktı, ama II. Abdülhamid'in kurduğu laik okullar Cumhuriyet’e kadar Türk tarihinde yapılan en köklü eğitim reformudur."
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